Brown+v.+Board

//BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION// **What would break the back of Jim Crow America? What role did education play in the movement to desgregate America?**

** SETTING THE STAGE - [|__Participate in The Road to Justice activity__]  Were you successful? What did your learn in the activity (just think about it ....) ** We were successful in our mission to sue the school. We took it to the Supreme Court, and won, so we can attend the same school as everyone else and not have to face segregation in school.
 * [[image:turningpoints2010/pnl10-1.jpg align="center" caption="pnl10-1.jpg"]] ||
 * = **Using the the links provided, analyze the landmark Supreme Court case //Brown v. Board of Education//. Cut and paste the information below into a new entry on your Unit 8 Online Notebook.** ||  ||=   ||

Make a bulleted list of the basic facts of the __cases__  brought to the Supreme Court KANSAS CASE: DELAWARE CASE: D.C. CASE: SOUTH CAROLINA CASE: VIRGINIA CASE:
 * THE BASIC FACTS OF THE CASES  (more than one) (check <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__video__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 1__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 2__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 3__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">five different cases
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from Kansas, Delaware, D.C., South Carolina, and Virginia
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">all challenged segregation of public schools
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Topeka area NAACP vs. court
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">challenged 1879 law of racially segregated schools based on population
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">got 13 parents to act as plaintiffs for 20 children
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">18 white schools in area, 4 “colored” schools
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Belton (Bulah) v. Gebhart
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">actually two cases but same issues
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in Belton case, parents forced to send kids to run down segregated school in another town
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in Bulah case, parents fighting for right for black children to receive public (school bus) transportation to school
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">signed petitions but schools didn’t change and wouldn’t let them in
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bolling v. Sharpe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NAACP tried to get 11 kids into new school but turned down even though proof of empty classrooms
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Due to location 14th amendment not applicable to case
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Briggs v. Elliott
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">one of twenty parents to file suit against local district
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">signed petitions-ignored
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">just wanted busses!!!!
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">super inadequate school in Farmville
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">classrooms made out of tar and paper to try and fit population
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">sparked student strike in 1951
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">wanted plumbing
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">school ended up getting redone but none of the students allowed to attend other schools

**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE MAIN ARGUMENTS OF THE PLAINTIFF <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(for integration) (check <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 1__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> List the major arguments of the plaintiffs
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Plessy v. Ferguson was a misinterpretation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since equal protection of the laws shouldn’t allow racial segregation.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fourteenth Amendment allows government to prohibit racial discrimination by states, including in public schools
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fourteenth Amendment doesn’t specify is states can have segregated schools/education
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Segregation has negative effects on the minds of African American children (psychologically tested)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">List the major arguments of the Defendants
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE MAIN ARGUMENTS OF THE DEFENDANTS <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(for segregation) (check <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 1__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Constitution doesn’t require white and African American children to go to the same school
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The separation of blacks and whites is a custom-states should be left alone to manage these social affairs
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Segregation isn’t harmful to anyone, including black people
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Whites are trying to equalize the education, but the children who were living in slavery won’t be able to compete with the already-educated white children

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What important change happened in the Supreme Court, and what was its impact? The Supreme Court had a huge decision on its plate. With the recent death of the Chief Justice, a new one by the name of Earl Warren took the coveted role. After listening to the case, he <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">presented a speech in which he stated, “Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the las, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place.” This ruling helped kick off the majority of the Civil Rights movement. Some schools even integrated due to this ruling. However, the more immediate response was overall shock to the nation as the idea of true racial equality in law sprung up many different opinions.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE CHANGE IN THE COURT <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (leading to a decision) (check <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__**Link 1**__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What did the Supreme Court decide in the landmark decision? The Supreme Court declared legal segregation unconstitutional. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, wrote up this decision. He did agree with the civil rights attorneys in saying that the Fourteenth Amendment was extremely unclear, especially about segregated public education. He also noted that the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine didn’t appear until 1896, and that only affected transportation, not education. He said that the present was the most important, rather than the past. He thought that of the state and local government powers, control of education was probably the most important. This caused him to say that racial segregation, of all kinds, denied African Americans equal protection from the 14th Amendment and due process from the 5th. He even wrote in his decision, “Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE COURT DECISION <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(in your own words) (check <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__**Link 1**__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and Link 2) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What was the Court's statement about the enforcement of the decision? What happened to the enforcement? The Court ordered that the states end segregation with ‘all deliberate speed.’ This was somewhat ineffective, since the vagueness on how to enforce this ruling gave the segregationists opportunity to organize resistance to this decision. Many whites welcomed the Brown decision and many school districts willingly complied, but a large number considered it an assault on their life. These segregationists used the fear and prejudice of communities to gain control and launch resistance campaigns. There were also picketers who showed opposition to the decision. They helped show how deeply divided the nation was during this time.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ENFORCING THE DECISION <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(discuss "with all deliberate speed) (Check <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Link 1__][|__Video__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the overall importance and legacy of Brown v. Board? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Americans were already extremely divided on the issue of racial equality, and the Brown v. Board of Education case simply made it even more controversial. Many African Americans started pressing for the Brown decision to be enforced, and lots of people weren’t ready for how intense the resistance was among white southerners. Similarly, people who defended the southern way of life underestimated the determination of their black neighbors. This freedom struggle for African Americans spread all throughout the country. This original campaign soon became part of more social justice campaigns on a larger, broader scale. Fifty years after this decision, the movement included racial and ethnic minorities, women, people with disabilities, and so much more, all demanding for their equal opportunities.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #c81919; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE IMPACT and LEGACY <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(Check <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__**Link 1**__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) **